Good for their job and ordered that in future they should be With ruthless logicįord concluded that the kingpins on the Model T were too Invariably had years of life left in them. To one notable exception, the kingpins of the scrapped cars With reports of almost every kind of failure: axles, brakes, Scrap-yards of America to find out if there were parts of the Henry Ford, it is said, commissioned a survey of the car Zoologist Nicholas Humphrey introduced his 1976 paper "The Social Functions of Intellect" with the following anecdote: If these points coincide, the scrub radius is zero. The kingpin inclination also contributes to the scrub radius of the steered wheel, the distance between the centre of the tyre contact patch and where the kingpin axis intersects the ground. Thus, the weight of the vehicle tends to rotate the wheel about the kingpin back to this position. The kingpin angle has an important effect on steering, making it tend to return to the straight ahead or centre position because the straight ahead position is where the suspended body of the vehicle is at its lowest point. On most modern designs, the kingpin angle is set relative to the vertical, as viewed from the front or back of the vehicle, and it is not adjustable, changing only if the wheel spindle or steering knuckles are bent. Virtual or physical, the kingpin angle may also be referred to by its acronym KPA, kingpin inclination (KPI), or steering axis inclination (SAI), and remains a fundamental vehicle design parameter. This virtual kingpin is inclined toward the centerline of the vehicle at an angle called the kingpin angle. While no current-era automobile front suspension incorporates a physical kingpin, the axis defined by the steering knuckle pivot points acts a "virtual kingpin" about which the wheel turns. ( July 2011) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Although the kingpin was no longer an identifiable physical component, suspension geometry was still designed in terms of a virtual kingpin along a line between the ball joint centres. In the 1950s and 1960s, such independent suspension became commonplace through light cars in all price ranges. The hub carrier extended vertically to span the ends of both wishbones, with a ball joint at each end.
Rather than using separate pivots for both the up-and-down motion of the suspension and the steering swivel, the use of a spherical ball joint that could move in two degrees of freedom allowed the same joint to carry out both functions. This performance also encouraged the reduction of unsprung weight. Independent front suspension developed through the 1930s, for high-performance cars at least, often using double wishbone suspension. Kingpins were always clamped in the centre and the swivel bearings at the ends, to increase the lever arm and so reduce the bearing load. Most commonly the centre of the kingpin was fixed in the axle and the hub carrier was forked to fit over this, but some vehicles, including the Ford Model T illustrated, used a forked axle and a kingpin fixed into a single piece carrier. The kingpins were now fixed to the axle ends and the hub carriers pivoted upon them. Ackermann steering has the two advantages that it reduces tyre scrub, the need to drag tyres sideways across their tread when turning the steering, and also it reduced bump steer, suspension and road bumps tending to upset the steering direction. The beam axle between them remains fixed relative to the chassis, linked by the suspension. Some early cars also used centre pivot steering, although it became apparent that it was unsuitable for their increasing speeds.Īckermann steering separates the steering movement into two pivots, one near the hub of each front wheel.
Similar centre pivot steering was used by steam traction engines, the kingpin being mounted on the 'perch bracket' beneath the boiler.
This located the axle from side to side, but the weight of the wagon was carried on a circular wooden ring turntable surrounding this. Originally, with the 'turntable' steering of horse-drawn wagons, this was a single pin on which the moveable axle was pivoted beneath the wagon's frame.
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